Project
Name That Twitter Community! (nttc)
Project Developer
Chris Lindgren, Virginia Tech
Project URL
https://pypi.org/project/nttc/
Project Reviewer
Melanie Walsh, Cornell University
Project Overview
Chris Lindgren
This Python 3.x module bundles a set of useful code functions for humanistic inquiry of social networks. The module assumes that researchers have a set of network subgraphs created through community-detection[1] and need to more quickly contextualize each community of importance in the corpus for further investigation. It also assumes that researchers have defined periods within their corpus to detect such communities, so they can identify if any detected communities persist across periods.
The module was developed to help researchers answer the following main question: What can these communities be named, and how can they grouped together? This grouping and naming process builds on what Deen Freelon, Charlton D. McIlwain, and Meredith D. Clark refer to as the “hubs” of each community: the top in-degree users from each community and sample of texts that mentions those users.[2] Yet, extending Freelon et al., this module can also accept each community’s top authors during a period. As a result of this extended hub, the module can also trace potential persistent authorship across communities and generate topic models for each sample to contextualize the hubs over time. Accordingly, the module helps researchers fulfill these contextualizing aims by producing output that answers the following questions:
What community hubs persist, or are ephemeral, across periods in the corpus, and when?
Of these community hubs, what are their topics over time?
Overall, the module recognizes the difficulties of coding all of these different dimensions of social network analysis, such as community categorization, naming, and topic modeling. For those reasons, it aims to help humanities researchers more quickly refine their research questions about particular detected community hubs in a corpus to arrive at more impactful human-centered, yet data-driven, narratives and findings.
Currently, the project has been initially developed and maintained by Chris Lindgren, an Assistant Professor in the Department of English at Virginia Tech. He coded the module during his own project with Twitter data, which is why the module includes Twitter in the name. Lindgren’s goals for the module include refining the code library, broadening its use beyond Twitter data to other social network subgraphs, and circulating it among interested research communities across digital humanities.
For more information about the module, its functions, and technical requirements, refer to its project folder on Github.com (https://github.com/lingeringcode/nttc) or on the Python Package Index (https://pypi.org/project/nttc/).
[2] See Deen Freelon, Charlton D. McIllwain, and Meredith D. Clark, “Beyond the Hashtags: #Ferguson, #Blacklivesmatter, and the Online Struggle for Offline Justice,” Center for Media and Social Impact, last modified February 29, 2016, https://cmsimpact.org/resource/beyond-hashtags-ferguson-blacklivesmatter-online-struggle-offline-justice/ and Deen Freelon, Charlton D. McIllwain, and Meredith D. Clark, “Quantifying the Power and Consequences of Social Media Protest,” New Media and Society 20, no. 3 (2018): 990-1011.
Project Review
Melanie Walsh
Project Review
The Python module Name That Twitter Community! (nttc), authored by Chris Lindgren, offers a set of specialized computational tools for social media analysis, a growing area of digital humanities research. It specifically aims to help researchers “name” user communities in a Twitter dataset and follow their participation over time. Researchers who benefit most from Name That Twitter Community! are those with advanced knowledge of Python and Twitter network community-detection, who also have pre-existing Twitter network data ready for analysis.
While reviewing this module, I kept thinking about a question that students who were part of a campus “cultural analytics” group recently asked me. Together we collected millions of tweets related to President Donald Trump’s impeachment, a valuable research accomplishment in itself. But the students were not as satisfied and really wanted to know: “What do we do now? What kinds of analyses can we do with the Twitter data now?” Detecting, labeling, and tracking salient communities within this Twitter data through the Name That Twitter Community! module would have been a compelling next step.
I want to recognize the module’s broader significance within the field of digital humanities. Like the exclamation mark that concludes its title, Name That Twitter Community! represents an exciting moment for digital humanities social media analysis, as researchers actively build on each other’s approaches, theories, and code. Lindgren’s module seeks to answer questions central to the work of Deen Freelon, Charlton McIlwain, and Meredith D. Clark, who analyzed #BlackLivesMatter communities in their 2016 report “Beyond the Hashtags: #Ferguson, #Blacklivesmatter, and the Online Struggle for Offline Justice” as well as in their article “Quantifying the Power and Consequences of Social Media Protest.” Likewise Lindgren’s code follows on the heels of Freelon’s Twitter Subgraph Manipulator (tsm)—a Python module for identifying and analyzing Twitter communities—by helping researchers computationally label the communities that have been identified with tsm or similar approaches. In Lindgren’s project one sees the promise of a whole suite of computational approaches to social media data developed by and for the digital humanities community.
The most interesting technical innovation of Name That Twitter Community! is the fusion of social network analysis with topic modeling techniques. The Python module “names” previously detected Twitter communities by topic modeling the text of their tweets, ideally picking up on the main discourses discussed in the tweets. Though Freelon, et al. also used topic modeling in their community detection, they focused on usernames rather than the text of tweets.
At the present moment, the nttc Python module is rather difficult to use and requires pre-existing data in specific network file formats (such as Infomap files). To this end, the project would greatly benefit from clearer documentation and an extended set of examples. These would ideally take the form of downloadable Jupyter notebooks with sample network data that a user could follow. A demonstration of the steps that might be taken to prepare JSON or CSV-formatted Twitter data for analysis with the nttc module would also increase its usability. Despite these limitations, Name That Twitter Community! has great promise for those interested in social media analysis in the digital humanities.